Urbanisation over the past hundred years has caused environmental and thermal influences underground; yet little knowledge exists about subsurface warming in Enugu, despite previous studies confirming the presence of urban heat island in the area. This study analysed the subsurface urban heat island intensity in Enugu urban, using secondary urban subsoil temperature data set that was sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency over 21 years (2000-2020). With an application known as grid, the rural subsoil temperature data set was gotten by downscaling that of the urban which is 40 km away. The statistical technique employed was Welch’s t-test. The study showed that the annual mean urban subsoil temperatures were generally warmer than that of the rural subsoil temperatures, with a mean difference or subsurface urban heat island intensity of 0.4°C. From the study, it was clear that the urban heat island effect occurred in the subsurface in Enugu, as it does above the ground. This study, to define urban and rural better, suggests that the use of the Local Climate Zone classification scheme should be considered in further research. A joint investigation of the three urban heat island categories in Enugu should also receive top priority in subsequent studies.
| Published in | International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 11, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11 |
| Page(s) | 57-62 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Enugu, Subsurface, Urban Heat Island Intensity, Urbanisation, Welch’s T-test
| [1] | Zhu, K. (2013). Urban heat island in the subsurface and geothermal potential in urban areas [Doctoral dissertation, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen]. Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Bibliography. https://bibliographie.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/49959/Zhu.pdf |
| [2] | Enete, I. C., & Alabi, M. O. (2012). Characteristics of urban heat island in Enugu during rainy season. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 5 (4), 391-396. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v5i4.8 |
| [3] | National Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Annual abstract of statistics, 2012. https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/annual_abstract_2012.pdf |
| [4] | Enete, I. C. (2015). Urban heat island research of Enugu urban: A review. International Journal of Physical and Human Geography, 3 (2), 42-48. |
| [5] | Taylor, C. A., & Stefan, H. G. (2009). Shallow groundwater temperature response to climate change and urbanization. Journal of Hydrology, 375 (3-4), 601-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.009 |
| [6] | Santos, F., Abney, R., Barnes, M., Bogie, N., Ghezzehei, T. A. Jin, L... Berhe, A. (2019). The role of the physical properties of soil in determining biogeochemical responses to soil warming. In J. E. Mohan (Ed.), Ecosystem consequences of soil warming: Microbes, vegetation, fauna and soil biogeochemistry (pp. 209-244). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813493-1.00010-7 |
| [7] | Enete, I. C., Officha, M., & Ogbonna, C. E. (2012). Urban heat island magnitude and discomfort in Enugu urban area, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2 (7), 77-82. |
| [8] | Oke, T. R., Mills, G., Christen, A., & Voogt, J. A. (2017). Urban climates. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139016476 |
| [9] | Zhan, W., Ju, W., Hai, S., Ferguson, G., Quan, J., Tang, C.-S... Kong, F. (2014). Satellite-derived subsurface urban heat island. Environmental Science &Technology, 48 (20), 12134-12140. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5021185 |
| [10] | Benz, S. A. (2016). Human impact on groundwater temperatures [Doctoral dissertation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]. KITopen Repository. https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000065105 |
| [11] | Turkoglu, N. (2010). Analysis of urban effects on soil temperature in Ankara. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 169, 439-450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1187-z |
| [12] | Tang, C.-S., Shi, B., Gao, L., Daniels, J. L., Jiang, H.-T., & Liu, C. (2011). Urbanization effect on soil temperature in Nanjing, China. Energy and Buildings, 43 (11), 3090-3098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.08.003 |
| [13] | Liu, C., Shi, B., Tang, C.-S., & Gao, L. (2011). A numerical and field investigation of underground temperatures under urban heat island. Building and Environment, 46 (5), 1205-1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.12.015 |
| [14] | Shi, B., Tang, C.-S., Gao, L., Liu, C., & Wang, B.-J. (2012). Observation and analysis of the urban heat island effect on soil in Nanjing, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 67, 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1501-2 |
| [15] | Ferguson, G., & Woodbury, A. D. (2007). Urban heat island in the subsurface. Geophysical Research Letters, 34 (23), Article L23713. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032324 |
| [16] | Menberg, K., Bayer, P., Zosseder, K., Rumohr, S., & Blum, P. (2013). Subsurface urban heat islands in German cities. Science of The Total Environment, 442, 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.043 |
| [17] | Taniguchi, M., Uemura, T., & Jago-on, K. (2007). Combined effects of urbanization and global warming on subsurface temperature in four Asian cities. Vadose Zone Journal, 6 (3), 591-596. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2006.0094 |
| [18] | Yamano, M., Goto, S., Miyakoshi, A., Hamamoto, H., Lubis, R. F., Monyrath, V., & Taniguchi, M. (2009). Reconstruction of the thermal environment evolution in urban areas from underground temperature distribution. Science of The Total Environment, 407 (9), 3120-3128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.019 |
| [19] | Okeke, F. O., Sam-Amobi, C. G., & Okeke, F. I. (2020). Role of local town planning authorities in building collapse in Nigeria: Evidence from Enugu metropolis. Heliyon, 6 (7), Article e04361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04361 |
| [20] | Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., & McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11 (5), 1633-1644. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |
| [21] | Ogbonna, C. E., Ugbogu, O. C., Otuu, F. C., Ohakwe, J., & Inya-Agha, S. I. (2014). Assessment of lead content of leaves of some roadside trees in Enugu urban; Environmental health implications. International Journal of Environmental Biology, 4 (1), 6-9. |
| [22] | Anyadike, R. N. C. (2002). Climate and vegetation. In G. E. K. Ofomata (Ed.), A survey of the Igbo nation (p. 73). Africana First Publishers. |
| [23] | Adefolalu, D. O. (1986). Further aspects of Sahelian drought as evident from rainfall regime of Nigeria. Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics, and Bioclimatology, Series B: Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 36, 277-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02263134 |
| [24] | Benz, S. A., Bayer, P., Goettsche, F. M., Olesen, F. S., & Blum, P. (2016). Linking surface urban heat islands with groundwater temperatures. Environmental Science & Technology, 50 (5), 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03672 |
| [25] | Benz, S. A., Bayer, P., & Blum, P. (2017). Global patterns of shallow groundwater temperatures. Environmental Research Letters, 12 (3), Article 034005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5fb0 |
| [26] | Qian, B., Gregorich, E. G., Gameda, S., Hopkins, D. W., & Wang, X. L. (2011). Observed soil temperature trends associated with climate change in Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 116 (D2), Article D02106. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015012 |
| [27] | Delacre, M., Lakens, D., & Leys, C. (2017). Why psychologists should by default use Welch’s t-test instead of Student’s t-test. International Review of Social Psychology, 30 (1), 92-101. https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.82 |
| [28] | Lakens, D. (2015, January 26). Always use Welch's t-test instead of Student's t-test. The 20% Statistician. http://daniellakens.blogspot.com/2015/01/always-use-welchs-t-test-instead-of.html?m=1 |
| [29] | Moser, B. K., & Stevens, G. R. (1992). Homogeneity of variance in the two-sample means test. The American Statistician, 46 (1), 19-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1992.10475839 |
| [30] | Li, X., Stringer, L. C., & Dallimer, M. (2021). The spatial and temporal characteristics of urban heat island intensity: Implications for East Africa’s urban development. Climate, 9 (4), Article 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9040051 |
| [31] | Howell, D. C. (2013). Statistical methods for psychology (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. |
| [32] | Stewart, I. D., & Oke, T. R. (2012). Local Climate Zones for urban temperature studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93 (12), 1879-1900. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1 |
APA Style
Francis Chibuike Nwalozie, Ifeanyi Christian Enete. (2023). The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 11(4), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11
ACS Style
Francis Chibuike Nwalozie; Ifeanyi Christian Enete. The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2023, 11(4), 57-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11
AMA Style
Francis Chibuike Nwalozie, Ifeanyi Christian Enete. The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2023;11(4):57-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11,
author = {Francis Chibuike Nwalozie and Ifeanyi Christian Enete},
title = {The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {57-62},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20231104.11},
abstract = {Urbanisation over the past hundred years has caused environmental and thermal influences underground; yet little knowledge exists about subsurface warming in Enugu, despite previous studies confirming the presence of urban heat island in the area. This study analysed the subsurface urban heat island intensity in Enugu urban, using secondary urban subsoil temperature data set that was sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency over 21 years (2000-2020). With an application known as grid, the rural subsoil temperature data set was gotten by downscaling that of the urban which is 40 km away. The statistical technique employed was Welch’s t-test. The study showed that the annual mean urban subsoil temperatures were generally warmer than that of the rural subsoil temperatures, with a mean difference or subsurface urban heat island intensity of 0.4°C. From the study, it was clear that the urban heat island effect occurred in the subsurface in Enugu, as it does above the ground. This study, to define urban and rural better, suggests that the use of the Local Climate Zone classification scheme should be considered in further research. A joint investigation of the three urban heat island categories in Enugu should also receive top priority in subsequent studies.},
year = {2023}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria AU - Francis Chibuike Nwalozie AU - Ifeanyi Christian Enete Y1 - 2023/07/24 PY - 2023 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11 T2 - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy JF - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy JO - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy SP - 57 EP - 62 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-7536 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11 AB - Urbanisation over the past hundred years has caused environmental and thermal influences underground; yet little knowledge exists about subsurface warming in Enugu, despite previous studies confirming the presence of urban heat island in the area. This study analysed the subsurface urban heat island intensity in Enugu urban, using secondary urban subsoil temperature data set that was sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency over 21 years (2000-2020). With an application known as grid, the rural subsoil temperature data set was gotten by downscaling that of the urban which is 40 km away. The statistical technique employed was Welch’s t-test. The study showed that the annual mean urban subsoil temperatures were generally warmer than that of the rural subsoil temperatures, with a mean difference or subsurface urban heat island intensity of 0.4°C. From the study, it was clear that the urban heat island effect occurred in the subsurface in Enugu, as it does above the ground. This study, to define urban and rural better, suggests that the use of the Local Climate Zone classification scheme should be considered in further research. A joint investigation of the three urban heat island categories in Enugu should also receive top priority in subsequent studies. VL - 11 IS - 4 ER -
Email: